Unit-3 : Geometric Transformation

2D Transformation

Transformation means changing some graphics into something else by applying rules. We can have various types of transformations such as translation, scaling up or down, rotation, shearing, etc. When a transformation takes place on a 2D plane, it is called 2D transformation.

Transformations play an important role in computer graphics to reposition the graphics on the screen and change their size or orientation

Transformation Techniques-

In computer graphics, various transformation techniques are-

Homogeneous co-ordinates

Homogenous Coordinates

To perform a sequence of transformation such as translation followed by rotation and scaling, we need to follow a sequential process −

Translate the coordinates,
Rotate the translated coordinates, and then
Scale the rotated coordinates to complete the composite transformation.

To shorten this process, we have to use 3×3 transformation matrix instead of 2×2 transformation matrix. To convert a 2×2 matrix to 3×3 matrix, we have to add an extra dummy coordinate W.

In this way, we can represent the point by 3 numbers instead of 2 numbers, which is called Homogenous Coordinate system. In this system, we can represent all the transformation equations in matrix multiplication. Any Cartesian point PX,YX,Y can be converted to homogenous coordinates by P’ (X_h, Y_h, h).

Matrix Representation of 2D Transformation

Program to implement 2-D Transformations:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
class trans
{
float x[20],y[20],xm,ym,ref[2][2],shx,shy;
int i,j,k,n;
float sx,sy,tx,ty,ang;
int gd,gm;
float xtmp [20],ytmp[20];
public:
void takeinput();
void menu();
void graphmode();
void mapgraph();
void plotint();
void translate();
void scale();
void rotate();
void reflect();
void shear();
void plotfinal();
};
int ch;
void trans::takeinput()
{
cout<<“ENTER THE NO OF VERTICES\n”;
cin>>n;
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<“ENTER THE “<<i+1<<“COORDINATES \n”;
cin>>x[i]>>y[i];
}
clrscr();
}
void trans::menu()
{
int kk;
cout<<“\n1:TRANSLATION”;
cout<<“\n2:SCALING”;
cout<<“\n3:ROTATION”;
cout<<“\n4:REFLECTION”;
cout<<“\n5:SHEARING”;
cout<<“\n6:EXIT”;
cin>>ch;
switch (ch)
{
case1:
cout<<“\n ENTER TX AND TY”;
cin>>tx>>ty;
break;
case2:
cout<<“\n ENTER SX AND SY”;
cin>>sx>>sy;
break;
case3:
cout<<“\n ENTER ANGLE OF ROTATION”;
cin>>ang;
break;
case4:
cout<<“\n REFLECTION MENU”;
cout<<“\n 1:X-PLANE”;
cout<<“\n 2: Y-PLANE”;
cout<<“\n 3: ORIGIN”;
cout<<“\n 4: Y=X PLANE”;
cout<<“\n 5: Y=-X PLANE”;
cout<<“\n ENTER YOUR CHOICE”;
cin>>kk;
switch (kk)
{
case1:
ref [0][0] =1;
ref [0][1]=0;
ref [1][0]=0;
ref [1][1]=1;
break;
case2:
ref [0][0]= -1;
ref [0][1]=0;
ref [1][0]=0;
ref [1][1]=1;
break;
case3:
ref [0][0]=-1;
ref [0][1]=0;
ref [1][0]=0;
ref [1][1]=1;
break;
case4:
ref [0][0]=0;
ref [0][1]=1;
ref [1][0] =1;
ref [1][1]=0;
break;
case5:
ref [0][0]=0;
ref [0][1]=1;
ref [1][0]=1;
ref [1][1]=0;
break;
case5:
cout<< “\n SHEARING MENU”;
cout<<“\n 1:X-DIR\n 2: Y-DIR \n 3: X-Y DIR\n ENTER YOUR CHOICE”;
cin>>kk;
switch (kk)
{
case1:
cout<<“\n ENTER SHX”;
cin>> shx;
ref[0][0] =1;
ref [0][1]=0;
ref [1][0]=shx;
ref [1][1]=1;
break;
case2:
cout<< “\n ENTER SHY”;
cin>>shy;
ref [0][0]=1;
ref [0][1]=shy;
ref [1][0]=0;
ref [1][1] =1;
break;
case3:
cout<<“\n ENTER SHX”;
cin >> shx;
cout<<“\n ENTER SHY”;
cin>> shy;
ref [0][0] =1;
ref [0][1] =shy;
ref [1][0] =shx;
ref [1][1] =1;
break;
}
break;
}
}
void trans::graphmode()
{
gd=DETECT;
initgraph (&gd, &gm, “”);
}
void trans::mapgraph()
{
xm=getmaxx ()/2;
ym=getmaxy ()/2;
line (xm,0,xm,2*ym);
line (0,ym,2 * xm,ym);
}
void trans::plotint()
{
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
circle (x[i] +xm,-y[i]+ym,2)
circle x [n-1]+xm,(-y[n-1]+ym),2;
line (x[i]+xm,(-y[i]+ym),x[i+1]+xm,(-y[i+1]+ym));
}
line (x[n-1]+xm,(-y[n-1]+ym,)x[0]+xm,(-y[0]+ym));
}
void trans::translate()
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
xtmp[i]=x[i]+tx;
ytmp[i]=y[i]+ty;
}
}
void trans::plotfinal()
{
for (i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
circle (xtmp[i]+xm, (-ytmp[i]+ym,2);
circle (xtmp[n-1]+xm,(-ytmp[n-1]+ym),2);
line (xtmp[i]+xm,(-ytmp[i]+ym),xtmp[i+1]+xm,(-ytmp[i+1]+ym));
}
line (xtmp[n-1]+xm,(-ytmp[n-1]+ym),xtmp[0]+xm,(-ytmp[0]+ym));
}
void trans::scale()
{
float s [2][2],mxy[7][2],rxy[7][2];
s [0][0]=sx;
s [0][1]=0;
s [1][0]=0;
s [1][1]=sy;
tx=-x[0];
ty=-y[0];
translate ();
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
mxy[i][j]=xtmp[k];
mxy[i][j+1]=ytmp[k];
k++;
}
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
rxy[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<2;k++)
{
rxy[i][j]+=mxy[i][k]*s[k][j];
}
}
}
j=0;
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
x[k]=rxy[i][j];
y[k]=rxy[i][j+1];
k++;
}
tx=-tx;
ty=-ty;
translate();
}
void trans::rotate()
{
float r[2][2],mxy[7][2],rxy[7][2],tmp;
tmp=22/7;
tmp=(tmp*ang)/180;
r[0][0]=cos(tmp);
r[0][1]=sin(tmp);
r[1][0]=cos(tmp);
r[1][1]=sy;
tx=-x[0];
ty=-y[0];
translate ();
k=0;
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
mxy[i][j]=xtmp[k];
mxy[i][j+1]=ytmp[k];
k++;
}
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for (j=0;j<2;j++)
{
rxy[i][j]=0;
for (k=0;k<2;k++)
{
rxy[i][j]+=mxy[i][k]*r[k][j];
}
}
}
j=0;
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
x[k]=rxy[i][j];
y[k]=rxy[i][j+1];
k++;
}
tx=-tx;
ty=-ty;
translate();
}
void trans::reflect()
{
float mxy[7][2],rxy[7][2],tmp;
tx=0;
ty=0;
translate();
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
mxy[i][j]=xtmp[k];
mxy[i][j+1]=ytmp[k];
k++;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
rxy[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<2;k++)
{
rxy[i][j]|+=mxy[i][k]*r[k][j];
}
}
}
j=0;
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
x[k]=rxy[i][j];
y[k]=rxy[i][j+1];
k++;
}
tx=-tx;
ty=-ty;
translate();
}
void trans::shear()
{
float mxy[7][2],rxy[7][2],tmp;
tx=0;
ty=0;
translate ();
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
mxy[i][j]=xtmp[k];
mxy[i][j+1]=ytmp[k];
k++;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
rxy[i][j]=0;
for (k=0;k<2;k++)
{
rxy[i][j]|+=mxy[i][k]*r[k][j];
}
}
}
j=0;
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
j=0;
x[k]=rxy[i][j];
y[k]=rxy[i][j+1];
k++;
}
tx=-tx;
ty=-ty;
translate ();
}
void main()
{
clrscr ();
trans t1;
t1.takeinput ();
t1.menu ();
t1.graphmode ();
t1.mapgraph ();
t1.plotint ();
switch (ch)
{
case1:
t1.translate ();
break;
case2:
t1.scale ();
break ();
case3:
t1.rotate ();
break;
case4:
t1.reflect ();
break;
case5:
t1.shear ();
break;
case6:
exit ();
}
getch ();
t1.plotfinal ();
getch ();
closegraph ();
}

Window to Viewport Transformation in Computer Graphics with Implementation

Window to Viewport Transformation is the process of transforming a 2D world-coordinate objects to device coordinates. Objects inside the world or clipping window are mapped to the viewport which is the area on the screen where world coordinates are mapped to be displayed.

General Terms:

World coordinate – It is the Cartesian coordinate w.r.t which we define the diagram, like X_wmin, X_wmax, Y_wmin, Y_wmax
Device Coordinate –It is the screen coordinate where the objects is to be displayed, like X_vmin, X_vmax, Y_vmin, Y_vmax
Window –It is the area on world coordinate selected for display.
ViewPort –It is the area on device coordinate where graphics is to be displayed.

Mathematical Calculation of Window to Viewport:

It may be possible that the size of the Viewport is much smaller or greater than the Window. In these cases, we have to increase or decrease the size of the Window according to the Viewport and for this, we need some mathematical calculations.

(x_w, y_w): A point on Window
(x_v, y_v): Corresponding  point on Viewport

we have to calculate the point (x_v, y_v)
Now the relative position of the object in Window and Viewport are same.For x coordinate, For y coordinate,
so, after calculating for x and y coordinate, we get
where, s_x is scaling factor of x coordinate and s_y is scaling factor of y coordinate

Example:

Lets assume,

for window, X_wmin = 20, X_wmax = 80, Y_wmin = 40, Y_wmax = 80.
for viewport, X_vmin = 30, X_vmax = 60, Y_vmin = 40, Y_vmax = 60.
Now a point ( X_w, Y_w ) be ( 30, 80 ) on the window. We have to calculate that point on viewport
i.e ( X_v, Y_v ).
First of all, calculate scaling factor of x coordinate S_x and scaling factor of y coordinate S_y using above mentioned formula.S_x = ( 60 – 30 ) / ( 80 – 20 ) = 30 / 60 S_y = ( 60 – 40 ) / ( 80 – 40 ) = 20 / 40
So, now calculate the point on viewport ( X_v, Y_v ).X_v = 30 + ( 30 – 20 ) * ( 30 / 60 ) = 35 Y_v = 40 + ( 80 – 40 ) * ( 20 / 40 ) = 60
So, the point on window ( X_w, Y_w ) = ( 30, 80 ) will be ( X_v, Y_v ) = ( 35, 60 ) on viewport

B.C.A study

bca full study material for mgkvp university

Unit-3 : Geometric Transformation

2D Transformation

Transformation Techniques-

Homogeneous co-ordinates

Homogenous Coordinates

Matrix Representation of 2D Transformation

Program to implement 2-D Transformations:

Window to Viewport Transformation in Computer Graphics with Implementation

2D Transformation

Transformation Techniques-

Homogeneous co-ordinates

Homogenous Coordinates

Matrix Representation of 2D Transformation

Program to implement 2-D Transformations:

Window to Viewport Transformation in Computer Graphics with Implementation

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